How do I select a control valve?

Select a control valve in nine stages: collect process data, calculate the required Cv or Kv, check for choked flow, flashing and cavitation, choose the valve body type, choose the flow characteristic, specify pressure class and materials, select the actuator and fail position, verify performance, then complete the specification sheet. Bore size follows from the calculated Cv, not from the pipe size.

How is Cv calculated for a control valve?

Cv is the US liquid flow coefficient: the flow in US gallons per minute that produces a 1 psi pressure drop across the valve at fully open with water at about 60 degrees Fahrenheit. For liquids, Cv = 1.96 x Ft x Q divided by N x Fl x Fp x the square root of (P1 minus P2), where Q is flow in gpm, N is the number of flow paths, P1 and P2 are upstream and downstream pressure in psia, and Ft, Fl and Fp are temperature, liquid recovery and piping geometry correction factors.

What is the difference between Cv and Kv?

Cv and Kv measure the same flow capability in different units. Cv uses US gallons per minute at a 1 psi drop, Kv uses cubic metres per hour at a 1 bar drop. Kv is approximately equal to 0.865 times Cv, and Cv is approximately equal to 1.156 times Kv.

What is the difference between linear and equal percentage flow characteristics?

A linear trim has a constant slope, so 50 percent of rated travel gives roughly 50 percent of rated flow. An equal percentage trim has a constant proportional change, so 50 percent travel gives about 50 percent of rated Cv. Use linear trim when process gain is constant, and equal percentage trim when pressure drop or system resistance varies, which is the most common case.

What does ATO and ATC mean on a fail-safe actuator?

ATO means air to open, so loss of air supply closes the valve and the valve fails closed. ATC means air to close, so loss of air supply opens the valve and the valve fails open. Pneumatic spring-return actuators are ATO or ATC as standard. Electric actuators achieve fail position through a return spring, a stored-energy mechanism, or a battery or UPS backed drive.

Should a control valve be sized for maximum flow?

Not necessarily. A valve sized only for peak flow spends most of its life near 10 percent open, where the trim sees high velocity, noise, vibration and rapid wear. Target steady operation between about 20 and 80 percent of rated travel. If maximum flow is rare, consider a split-range arrangement, two valves in parallel, or an interchangeable trim.

How do I prevent cavitation in a control valve?

Cavitation occurs when vapour bubbles form and collapse in the throat. Control it by keeping downstream pressure above the fluid vapour pressure, reducing the pressure drop across a single stage, using multi-stage or staged trim, specifying an anti-cavitation cage, selecting a larger bore and trimming the flow so velocity stays low, and avoiding high recovery factors downstream of the valve.

What is valve rangeability?

Rangeability is the ratio of maximum to minimum controllable Cv. A conventional globe valve typically offers 30 to 50 to 1, while characterized trim can reach 100 to 1 or more. Practically, most process control loops need a turndown of only about 30 to 1 between the minimum controllable and maximum rated stroke.

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Equivalence Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) to Nominal Diameter (DN)

Standard Hits: 119

ANSI-ASME vs ISO equivalences

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) is based on inches, and DN (diamètre nominal/nominal diameter) in millimetres.

ISO 6708 norm defines Nomimal Diameter for pipe components.

Nominal Pipe Size NPS [inches]	Nominal Diameter DN [mm]
1/8	6
1/4	8
3/8	10
1/2	15
3/4	20
1	25
1 1/4	32
1 1/2	40
2	50
2 1/2	65
3	80
3 1/2	90
4	100
4 1/2	115
5	125

Nominal Pipe Size NPS [inches]	Nominal Diameter DN [mm]
6	150
8	200
10	250
12	300
14	350
16	400
18	450
20	500
24	600
28	700
32	800
36	900
40	1000
42	1050
44	1100

Nominal Pipe Size NPS [inches]	Nominal Diameter DN [mm]
48	1200
52	1300
56	1400
60	1500
64	1600
68	1700
72	1800
76	1900
80	2000
88	2200
96	2400
104	2600
112	2800
120	3000
128	3200

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Equivalence Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) to Nominal Diameter (DN)

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